A signal analysis engine with 35 computed signal types across 7 categories.
The Compute tab lets you create derived signals from your COMTRADE recording. All computations run entirely in your browser using the raw sample data — no server calls, no delays.
Each computed signal becomes a new trace overlaid on the waveform viewer, updating in real time as you move the cursor. You can create multiple signals simultaneously and toggle their visibility independently.
The compute engine supports 35 signal types organized into 7 categories. Click any category card below to see the mathematical theory behind each signal.
Preserves harmonics, DC offset & transients
The Signal Builder is the primary interface for creating computed signals. It provides a browsable, searchable catalog of all available signal templates.
Layout:
Some signals offer an output mode toggle — a segmented control that switches how the signal is computed. A short description below the toggle explains the selected mode.
Signals with output modes:
| Signal | Mode 1 (Default) | Mode 2 |
|---|---|---|
| Positive Sequence | Time Domain — preserves harmonics, DC offset & transients | DFT — fundamental frequency only, clean sinusoid |
| Negative Sequence | Time Domain — preserves harmonics, DC offset & transients | DFT — fundamental frequency only, clean sinusoid |
| Zero Sequence | Time Domain — preserves harmonics, DC offset & transients | DFT — fundamental frequency only, clean sinusoid |
| Active Power | Averaged — smooth per-cycle DFT values (no ripple) | Instantaneous — V × I with transients & 2f ripple |
| Harmonic Extraction | Waveform — reconstructed oscillation at the harmonic frequency | Envelope — smooth magnitude trace showing harmonic strength over time |
Tip
The Basic category contains fundamental single-channel and multi-channel operations, plus envelope signals:
| Signal | Channels | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Reverse Polarity | 1 | Negates the waveform: y = -x. Use for CT polarity correction |
| Absolute Value | 1 | Full-wave rectification: `y = |
| Multiply by Constant | 1 | Scales by a user-defined factor: y = k·x |
| Subtraction | 2 | Difference of two channels: y = A - B |
| Addition | 2–8 | Sum of N channels: y = Σ xᵢ |
| Envelope (RMS) | 1 | Sliding one-cycle RMS magnitude |
| Adjusted Envelope | 1 | Sliding one-cycle peak (absolute max) tracking |
Three Fortescue sequence components, each with an output mode toggle (Time Domain or DFT):
| Signal | Channels | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Positive Sequence | 3 | (A + a·B + a²·C) / 3 — balanced forward rotation |
| Negative Sequence | 3 | (A + a²·B + a·C) / 3 — reverse rotation (fault indicator) |
| Zero Sequence | 3 | (A + B + C) / 3 — common-mode (ground fault indicator) |
Time Domain (default) uses time-delay phase shifting and preserves harmonics, DC offset, and transients. DFT mode extracts only the fundamental frequency via sliding DFT, producing a clean sinusoid.
Power quantities computed from paired voltage and current channels:
| Signal | Channels | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Active Power | 2 (V, I) | Real power with output mode: Averaged (V×I×cosθ via DFT) or Instantaneous (V×I sample-by-sample) |
| Reactive Power | 2 (V, I) | V×I×sinθ — oscillating energy not doing work |
| Apparent Power | 2 (V, I) | V×I magnitude — total power capacity |
| Power Factor | 2 (V, I) | cos(∠V - ∠I) — ratio of active to apparent power |
Frequency-domain and spectral signals:
| Signal | Channels | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Harmonic Extraction | 1 | Extract the Nth harmonic with output mode: Waveform (oscillating reconstruction) or Envelope (√(Re²+Im²) magnitude trace) |
| Frequency | 1 (voltage) | Per-cycle DFT frequency — one stepped value per cycle, relay-grade accuracy |
| ROCOF (df/dt) | 1 (voltage) | Rate of change of frequency — finite difference of cycle-averaged frequency |
Protection quality monitoring signals:
| Signal | Channels | Description |
|---|---|---|
| CT Saturation (H2/H1) | 1 | Second harmonic to fundamental ratio as a percentage — indicates CT core saturation |
| Superimposed Delta | 1 | Change in signal relative to one cycle ago — highlights fault transients |
| DC Offset | 1 | Half-cycle DC component magnitude — shows decaying DC after fault inception |
| X/R Ratio | 1 | Reactance-to-resistance ratio from DC offset decay rate |
Impedance quantities from paired voltage and current:
| Signal | Channels | Description |
|---|---|---|
| **Impedance | Z | ** |
| Resistance (R) | 2 (V, I) | Real part of impedance |
| Reactance (X) | 2 (V, I) | Imaginary part of impedance |
| Distance to Fault | 2 (V, I) |
Differential protection signals (also includes directional assessment signals via a dedicated workflow):
| Signal | Channels | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Differential Current | 2–8 | I_diff = |
| Bias Current | 2–8 | I_bias = ( |
The Differential tab also provides:
Click any card to read the full mathematical theory behind each computation.
RMS Calculation
Sliding one-cycle root-mean-square magnitude for fault current and voltage measurement.
Phasor Computation
Fundamental-frequency DFT with DC offset removal for magnitude and phase angle extraction.
Basic Operations
Arithmetic (reverse, scale, add, subtract), envelopes (RMS, peak), residual 3I₀, and harmonic extraction.
Sequence Components
Fortescue transformation: positive, negative, and zero sequence with Time Domain or DFT output mode.
Power Quantities
Active power (averaged or instantaneous), reactive power, apparent power, and power factor.
Impedance Analysis
Fault impedance, resistance, reactance, and distance-to-fault estimation.
Frequency Tracking
Per-cycle DFT frequency and rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) for voltage channels.
Envelope Analysis
Mathematical theory behind the RMS and peak envelope computations used in fault analysis.
Harmonic Analysis
Harmonic spectrum, THD calculation, harmonic extraction, and windowing strategies.
Protection Quality
CT saturation detection, superimposed delta, DC offset, and X/R ratio.
Directional Assessment
Directional angle, torque, residual quantities, and zero-sequence active power direction.
Fault Detection
Automatic fault inception and clearance detection using superimposed quantities and RMS change.
Fault Classification
Fault type identification from sequence component ratios and phase magnitude analysis.
Differential Protection
Differential and bias (restraint) current for transformer, bus, and line differential protection.
Computed signals can be used as inputs to other computed signals. When selecting source channels, a "Computed Signals" group appears in the channel dropdown alongside the original analog channels.
This enables multi-step analysis workflows. For example:
Signals are recomputed in dependency order, so downstream signals automatically update when upstream inputs change.
Some categories offer batch-create buttons that generate multiple related signals in one click:
Batch creation auto-detects three-phase channel triplets by matching channel names (e.g., IA/IB/IC or Va/Vb/Vc). If multiple triplets are found, you can choose which one to use.